Rebellion Classes

  Chapter 4 – Early Humans and Beginning of Civilisation 1. Before Writing: Early Human History More than 99% of human history belongs to the period before writing. The chapter divides human history broadly into: Before writing: about 6 million years ago to 5,000 years ago After writing: the last 5,000 years , including the present. Before writing, we mainly depend on archaeological evidence . Important evidence includes: Stone tools Pottery Bones and fossils Buildings Cave paintings Other objects made or used by humans. After writing developed, written records became another important source. Why study early humans? It helps us understand: Human biological evolution Cultural evolution Changes in climate and environment Development of tools and technology Development of farming and settlements Beginning of civilisation. 2. Human Evolution Biological Evolution Gradual physical and genetic changes through which early human ancestors developed into modern humans. Cultural Evoluti...

  CLASS 10 CIVICS – CHAPTER 3 GENDER, RELIGION AND CASTE 3.1 GENDER AND POLITICS 3.1.1 Gender Division Gender division is a social division based on the roles and responsibilities assigned to men and women by society . It is important to understand that gender division is not simply a division based on biological differences. Society creates expectations about what men and women should do. Traditional division of work Traditionally, society has considered: Women responsible for household work. Men responsible for earning money and working outside the home. Women are expected to cook, clean, wash clothes and take care of children and elderly family members. Men are generally expected to participate in economic activities outside the home. This creates an unequal division of work. Sexual Division of Labour The division of work between men and women is known as the sexual division of labour . For example: If a woman works as a teacher or doctor but is still expected to perform almos...